There are two methods for foundation construction, as follows:
- Advantages: Integrates with the roof, ensuring a stable foundation with minimal cement consumption.
- Disadvantages: Requires pre-embedding steel bars in the building roof or using expansion bolts to connect the cement foundation to the roof. This easily damages the roof's waterproof layer, leading to potential water leakage over time.
First, accurately calculate the annual average wind speed and wind direction in different seasons at the project site to determine the positive and negative wind pressures. Then, derive the weight of the cement foundation based on the wind pressure. Prefabricate cement weight blocks of uniform size and transport them to the site for installation.
Color steel tiles are typically used on light steel structure buildings, such as standardized factories and warehouses. Light steel structure buildings adopt lightweight color steel tiles for roofs, allowing for large spans—making them highly suitable for large-scale installation of solar PV modules. Industrial parks in cities consist of clustered standardized factories with large quantities and areas, often enabling the construction of solar power plants with a capacity of several tens of megawatts at a time.
Color steel tiles are composed of thin metal sheets wrapped around foam boards; traditional methods cannot fix the brackets of PV modules. Special "clamps" are required—their use avoids damaging the original structure, preventing roof water leakage or overall structural damage.
- From the load-bearing perspective: Installing at the optimal angle inevitably requires more brackets, increasing the roof weight.
- From the safety perspective: Installing at the optimal tilt angle means modules cannot be parallel to the roof, creating additional wind pressure during windy conditions and posing safety risks.
Given the above two points, modules can only be laid flat on color steel tile roofs. The number of installed modules depends solely on the roof area and load-bearing capacity, with no need for optimization.
This refers to sloped roofs with concrete underneath the tiles. The installation method generally involves: removing the tiles, drilling expansion bolts into the concrete to install hook adapters, then replacing the tiles. A key requirement is to ensure the expansion bolts are positioned far from the lower edge of the tiles. For better aesthetics, it may be necessary to cut a notch at the lower edge of the tiles. Special attention must be paid to the thickness of the concrete to avoid damaging the roof's waterproof structure.
A PV array is a connection of multiple PV modules and, by extension, more PV cells. The integration of PV arrays with buildings primarily includes two installation methods: roof installation and side facade installation, which cover most PV array installation forms for buildings.
The main forms of roof installation for PV arrays include flat roof installation, sloped roof installation, and PV daylighting roof installation.
- On flat roofs, PV arrays can be installed at the optimal angle to maximize power generation.
- Conventional crystalline silicon PV modules can be used, reducing module investment costs. This often results in relatively good economic efficiency but average aesthetics.
- In the Northern Hemisphere, roofs sloping south, southeast, southwest, east, or west can all be used for PV array installation. On south-sloping roofs, arrays can be installed at or close to the optimal angle, achieving high power generation.
- Conventional crystalline silicon PV modules are applicable, featuring good performance and low cost, leading to favorable economic benefits.
- There is no conflict with the building's functions; the array can be closely integrated with the roof, resulting in good aesthetics. The power generation performance of roofs facing other directions (deviating from south) is relatively lower.
- Transparent PV cells are used as building components for the daylighting roof, offering excellent aesthetics while meeting lighting needs.
- PV daylighting roofs require transparent modules, which have lower efficiency.
- In addition to power generation and transparency, daylighting roof components must meet certain architectural requirements regarding mechanics, aesthetics, and structural connections, leading to high component costs.
- High power generation costs.
- Enhances the building's social value and promotes the concept of sustainability.
Facade installation mainly refers to the installation of PV modules on the south walls (for the Northern Hemisphere), east walls, and west walls of buildings. For mid-to-high-rise buildings, exterior walls have the largest surface area in contact with sunlight, and vertical PV curtain walls are a commonly used application form.
According to design requirements, transparent, semi-transparent, and ordinary transparent glass can be used in combination to create different building facades and indoor light effects.
Double-layer PV curtain walls, point-supported PV curtain walls, and unitized PV curtain walls are currently common forms of PV curtain wall installation.
Currently, the cost of modules used for curtain wall installation is relatively high; the progress of PV system projects is restricted by the overall construction schedule of the building; and since PV arrays deviate from the optimal installation angle, their output power is relatively low.
In addition to PV glass curtain walls, PV exterior walls and PV sunshades can also be installed on building facades.
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